Azerbaijan Journal of Physiology

Impact of hypoxic preconditioning on the alterations in phosphate-activated glutaminase activity in the brains of offspring

Leyla Baghdad Gadirova — 2023-12-31

The hypoxic preconditioning model is widely used in experimental studies to identify mechanisms for increasing the tolerance of organisms to subsequent hypoxic exposure. Glutaminase is the main enzyme that synthesizes glutamate, which has two important physiological roles: in the postnatal period, it acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter, and during the prenatal period, it regulates neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and the survival of nerve cells. In our work, in 4 experimental groups, we investigated the effect of hypoxic preconditioning performed during days 16–21 of pregnancy on glutamate synthesis in the brains of 17-day-old and 6-month-old offspring. It was found that prenatal hypoxia led to a pronounced increase in the enzyme activity in various brain structures in early postnatal ontogenesis, while a decrease was observed in adult animals. In contrast, exposure to acute hypoxia resulted in a more significant increase in glutaminase activity in the brains of adult animals. Prenatal fetal hypoxic preconditioning caused a weakening effect on the increase in enzyme activity in 17-day-old rat offspring and a down-regulation in 6-month-olds, compared to the group that suffered acute hypoxia in the postnatal period. Thus, a neuroprotective adaptive-compensatory effect of prenatal preconditioning has been demonstrated, which can be associated with both the physiological and excitotoxic effects of glutamate.

Analysis of the results of retinal peptides application in different ages of Campbell rats with Retinitis Pigmentosa

Afet Nasib Mammadzada — 2023-12-31

The work concerns studying electrophysiological parameters and, based on histological studies, morphological parameters of the retina in different age groups of Campbell rats with Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) before and after Retinalamin treatment. 50 Campbell rats, as an experimental model of inherited RP, were used in the study. Rats were divided into two age groups, with 25 rats in each. Group I consisted of newborns up to 3 weeks, and Group II consisted of adults aged 3.5 ± 0.3 months. Retinalamin injections were given parabulbarly to all animals for 10 days. The total bioelectrical activity of the a, b, and c waves and the average value of the b-wave amplitude were studied using the electroretinography (ERG) method.

Also, the thickness of the outer nuclear layer of retinal pigment epithelium cells was studied in a histological examination. Studies were conducted before the start of Retinalamin injections and in dynamics after 10 and 30 days.

According to the ERG results, a decrease in the total bioelectrical activity of the rat retina and the average b-wave amplitude were already observed in 19-day-old rats. A statistically significant increase in these indicators was observed in both groups after 10 and 30 days of Retinalamin injections. Histological analysis of retinal preparations also revealed positive changes after the peptide administrations. An improvement in morphological structures and thickening of the outer nuclear layer of retinal pigment epithelial cells were noted in both groups. More significant positive dynamics were in Group I of newborn rats.

Conclusion. Retinalamin treatment in newborn and adult Campbell rats with retinitis pigmentosa stabilized the processes developing in the retina. At the same time, the maximum positive effect was manifested in newborn rats.

Ethological study of the state of anxiety in rats with chronic nickel nitrate poisoning on the background of experimental atherosclerosis

Rashad Ibrahim Ibrahimov — 2023-12-31

The purpose of this study was to study the effect of chronic poisoning with nickel nitrate in experimental atherosclerosis on the state of anxiety in the «elevated plus maze» test. The experiments were carried out on 50 white non-linear male rats. The model of atherosclerosis was created according to I.V. Savitsky et al. (2016), which is based on the polyetiological theory of the development of the disease. After modeling atherosclerosis, poisoning with nickel nitrate was carried out through the drinking water for 60 days at a dose of 2 mg/kg.

The results showed that the behavioral disturbances that occurred after the modeling of atherosclerosis were aggravated after poisoning with nickel nitrate. In particular, in the «elevated plus maze» test, adequate parameters visually reflecting the state of anxiety were manifested in active avoidance of the open space of the maze, in a decrease in the number of vertical stands, in a decrease in the number of hanging from open sleeves, in a decrease in the number of looks from closed sleeves, as well as in a decrease of grooming number with a corresponding increase in its duration. Maximum disturbances were observed two months after exposure to nickel nitrate. The obtained data show a toxic neurotropic effect of chronic intoxication with nickel nitrate in experimental atherosclerosis and highlight the necessity of creating efficient remediation methods.

Study the effects of inhalation of Tskaltubo mineral-radon waters on experimental animals

Mikheil Gogebashvili — 2023-12-31

Radon balneotherapy is a traditional approach involving the use of radon sources for balneological procedures. Despite numerous studies on the impact of radon on the body, the safety of using radon for medical purposes remains uncertain. While there is a clearly defined upper limit of the dose rate to achieve a radioadaptive response, the lower limit for this hormetic effect is still inconclusive. Current beliefs suggest that the minimum effective therapeutic radon concentrations are as follows: 200 Bq/l for water baths and 700 Bq/l for inhalation of radon and its products. However, in laboratory rat studies, hormetic responses were observed at significantly lower doses of radon exposure (37 Bq/m³). To address this issue, we conducted experiments on laboratory rats, exposing them to a continuously dosed radon exposure not exceeding 50 Bq/m³. The level of inhalation-assimilated radon over 3 months was determined by measuring the presence of one of its decay products, lead-210, in flat bones. This radioisotope was analyzed using a Canberra gamma spectrometer equipped with a highly sensitive germanium detector. The results obtained indicated that at such a level of radon exposure, the hormetic response could not be attributed to radiation-induced effects.

Functional relationships of the cerebral cortex with subcortical structures in emotionally stressful conditions

Aygun Mirdamet Jafarova — 2023-12-31

Multidirectional and stable changes in phase shifts and cross-correlation coefficients of the cortical and subcortical stress rhythms occur under conditions of repeated irregular photostimulation, especially in the initial periods. Thus, cross-correlation functional connections, characterized by changes in the spatio-temporal relationships of the brain structures (posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus, reticular formation, and visual projection zones of the cerebral cortex), can be one of the indicators of the formation of stress. By using the parameters mentioned above, we can solve many issues related to the central mechanisms of stress. Our results show that functional connections between the cortical projection area and subcortical structures decrease under stress conditions, while connections between subcortical structures increase. We furthermore found that these EEG changes correlated with autonomic reactions in animals. Thus, these changes may lie based on central mechanisms of stress, and the results of changes in the EEG activity of the cerebral cortex and the cross-correlation parameters in the posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus and the reticular formation may allow preventive measures to be taken to affect these structures to reduce emotional stress.

Modern ideas about the etiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis

Asmaya Saftar Huseynova — 2023-12-31

This review reflects modern ideas about the etiology and pathogenesis of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The disease is believed to be caused by various external or internal stress factors in individuals with a genetic predisposition. Under modern concepts, RA is an autoimmune disease, and the basis of its pathogenesis is the defects of the regulatory mechanisms providing the activation of the immune system against various stimuli. The onset of RA is in the peripheral lymphoid organs. Dendritic cells activate T-lymphocytes, activating B-lymphocytes through cytokines and costimulatory molecules, and cause the synthesis of autoantibodies, the accumulation of immune complexes in the joints, and the development of rheumatoid synovitis. B-lymphocytes secrete rheumatoid factor (RF), antibodies to cyclic citrulline peptide (ACCP), and proinflammatory cytokines and also activate T-lymphocytes by indicating signaling molecules. During T-lymphocyte activation, CD4+ Th-cells interact with HLA, MHC-II molecules, and costimulatory molecules located on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. This interaction activates a signaling pathway leading to the maturation of CD4+ cells, resulting in the activation of pro-inflammatory CD8+ T-lymphocytes. CD4+ Th cells also play an important role in RA regeneration through the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, the important immunomodulators of cellular immunity.

Tolerance to cannabinoids in mice

Merab Tsagareli — 2023-12-31

The Cannabis sativa plant, for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiemetic, and anticonvulsant properties, has been used for thousands of years in Chinese, Indian, and Greek cultures and was introduced into Western medicine in the 19th century. There has been a rise in interest in cannabinoids since the main substances of cannabis were identified, as well as the recognition that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) controls multiple processes in pain treatment and neurologic and mental illnesses. However, the ECS has also been associated with negative effects, including harmful effects on emotional and cognitive functions, the development of tolerance and dependence, and withdrawal symptoms after drug cessation in humans. We recently found that repeated intraperitoneal administration of the two main components of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabinolic acid (CBNA), led to the development of tolerance in male mice. In this review, we focus on the evidence demonstrating cannabinoid tolerance in animals. The common mechanisms and main signaling pathways for cannabinoid tolerance, including neuroadaptations primarily at cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors, such as desensitization and downregulation, which are mediated by several signaling pathways, are discussed.

Academician Zarifa Aliyeva - 100

Ulduz Faizi Hashimova — 2023-12-31

In 2023, the 100^th anniversary of the outstanding Azerbaijani ophthalmologist, Honored Scientist, laureate of the M. Averbakh Prize, academician Zarifa Aliyeva, was celebrated.

A significant chapter of academician Zarifa Aliyeva's illustrious scientific career, revealing her innate talent and unwavering dedication, is intrinsically linked to the Abdulla Garayev Institute of Physiology. In 1979, Zarifa khanum initiated and saw through the establishment of the laboratory “Physiology of the Visual Organ and Occupational Pathology." Her transition from an accomplished ophthalmologist to a pioneering theoretical scientist was a testament to her vision and leadership.

The laboratory's early research focused on the topic of “Clinical-physiological and morphohistochemical characteristics of the visual organ in individuals working under the influence of various chemical factors." As a scientist, Zarifa khanum was committed to addressing the most pressing and significant issues of her era, particularly those concerning human well-being. At the time, Azerbaijan was considered a hub of the chemical industry in the former USSR. Consequently, her laboratory sought to comprehensively analyze the long-term, chronic impact of various chemical agents used in industrial settings on the visual organ, with a keen focus on early detection of associated changes. This pioneering work laid the foundation for a new direction in ophthalmology, not only in Azerbaijan but throughout the former Soviet Union, focusing on innovative approaches to studying and preventing occupational eye diseases. In recognition of her contributions, academician Zarifa Aliyeva was honored with the M.I. Averbakh Prize by the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in 1981.

This research unfolded on a grand scale, encompassing over 4,000 workers and approximately 500 agricultural specialists who participated in ophthalmological examinations. This exemplified the close alignment of science and production, a cornerstone of modern scientific inquiry, in the work conducted by Zarifa khanum five decades ago.

Zarifa Khanum was an innovative scientist ahead of her time who introduced electrophysiological methods alongside extensive ophthalmological examinations in her research. Her studies delved into the effects of toxic substances on the functional state of the retina, free radical processes, and neurotransmitter levels. The results of her pioneering work continue to captivate and inspire numerous scholars in modern times.

A special area of Zarifa khanum's scientific inquiry was the study of age-related changes in the visual organ. Her book, “Age-Related Changes of the Eye and Optic Nerve Tract," marked the genesis of a new field within ophthalmology, known as ophthalmological gerontology. This work remains highly pertinent today, especially in the context of ongoing gerontological research at our institute. It's worth noting that her laboratory's staff continued research in this vein after her passing. In the late 1980s, the laboratory's ophthalmologists actively participated in international scientific expeditions both in Azerbaijan and in regions of the former USSR, including Crimea, as part of the “Longevity Phenomenon” international cooperation program. They studied age-related changes in the visual organ among 900 individuals over 90 years of age, publishing several highly significant scientific articles that remain relevant to specialists today.

In the 1990s, due to the challenging socio-political factors, Zarifa khanum's laboratory faced an unfortunate hiatus. In 2016, we took the initiative to reestablish this laboratory. A research group called “Physiology of Vision” was formed under the directorate to continue Zarifa khanum's legacy in the realm of physiology and age-related visual pathology. This group achieved remarkable scientific success in a short time, exploring intricate links between neurodegenerative diseases and the visual system's structures. With support from the Science Development Fund, the group launched international cooperation programs, enhancing its team and, ultimately, establishing the “Physiology of Vision and Neurodegenerative Processes” laboratory in 2021. Today, the laboratory is intently focused on studying the neurophysiological mechanisms of visual impairment during neurodegenerative diseases and pioneering innovative rehabilitation methods.

The scientific ideas of academician Zarifa Aliyeva grow in relevance with time. Her scientific legacy perseveres, serving the cause of a healthier society. It is incumbent upon all of us to support this legacy and carry forward the scientific traditions of this eminent scientist.

The International Conference "Physiology of vision and occupational pathologies: fundamental and applied aspects" and the 6th Congress of Azerbaijan Physiologists held on October 30-31, 2023, in Baku were dedicated to the 100^th anniversaries of the National Leader of the Azerbaijani people, Heydar Aliyev, and the outstanding scientist, academician Zarifa Aliyeva.

The current issue of the journal is dedicated to the 100^th anniversary of the academician Zarifa Aliyeva.

A study of the relationship between social desirability and competitive anxiety among soccer players

Khadija Yusif Ismayilova — 2023-12-31

This study investigated temperament, social desirability, and anxiety in professional and amateur male soccer players. The goal of this study was to compare social desirability among professional and amateur soccer players and its association with temperament and competitive anxiety. Participants (n = 78) were equally divided into professional and amateur players. The EPQ (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire) was used to assess the participants' temperament and social desirability. Additionally, the SCAT (Sport Competition Anxiety Test) was completed by the participants to reveal their anxiety levels. The temperament types were compared using Yates's correction for continuity, while a linear regression model was used to determine if social desirability could predict anxiety levels among the players. The study found that both groups had dominant sanguine and choleric temperaments, which corresponded to extraversion. The ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference in competitive anxieties between the two groups (p<0.03). The results of the regression analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship with a negative slope between social desirability and competitive anxiety in professional players (p<0.021) and amateur players (p<0.015). The data illustrate that the professional and amateur levels of soccer players are not dependent on the predictive effect of social desirability on competitive anxiety; however, it was only associated with constant sports activities. Thus, it was revealed that as the level of social desirability among soccer players increases, the level of their competitive anxiety decreases.

Study of physical workability in student-athletes using the PWC170 test

Rafiga Mazakhir Baghirova — 2023-12-31

In the present work, the functional state and process of adaptation of the cardiorespiratory system to physical activity were studied in student-athletes using the PWC₁₇₀ bicycle ergometer test. The conducted studies showed that the majority of athletes in both martial arts (cyclic) and team sports (acyclic) had an average level of physical performance. It should be noted that a fairly high percentage of student-athletes at the Azerbaijan State Academy of Physical Education and Sports (ASAPES) had an average level of performance. However, a very small number of students had below-average and high PWC₁₇₀ scores. The results of the study made it possible to assess the anaerobic performance and adaptive capabilities of athletes as average. The ability of the circulatory system to recover was below average.

Study of the effectiveness of physical rehabilitation of athletes after knee injury

Khayyam Gusein Orudzhov — 2023-12-31

The main goal of the study was to assess the range of movements and determine the effectiveness of the physical rehabilitation of athletes (wrestling Zorkhana and Pahlevani) after a knee joint injury.

The proposed version of the program, developed for the physical rehabilitation of athletes with knee injuries, turned out to be very effective in helping them return to sports and continue professional activity. This result is due to the use of an integrated approach to recovery during the rehabilitation process with phased, permanent, and individual treatment. Compliance with these principles made it possible to eliminate the morphological and functional consequences of knee joint injury as completely as possible.

Study of the functional state of the cardiovascular system in athletes of cyclic and acyclic kinds of sports

Sevinj Tahir Guliyeva — 2023-12-31

The study was aimed at investigating the influence of sports physical activity on the state of the cardiovascular system in students of cyclic (athletics) and acyclic (judoka) sports. Analysis of heart rhythm has revealed the economization of cardiovascular system functions at rest in the majority of qualified athletes. Heart rhythm control was balanced and regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic sections of the autonomic nervous system. Athletes under the influence of cyclic sports physical loads had an increase in the activity of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system and a moderate level of sympathetic and humoral-metabolic influences on the heart rhythm in comparison with non-athletes. Activation of the autonomic nervous system activity on heart rate in track and field athletes and judokas at rest reflects a significant adaptation of the cardiovascular system to physical activity in athletes. The increase in the activity of the autonomous circuit of heart rhythm regulation in track and field athletes and judoists in resting conditions was an indicator of a significant adaptive potential of the cardiovascular system.